10 Free Courses on Astronomy and the Universe
http://www.physics-astronomy.com/2015/10/10-free-courses-on-astronomy-and.html#.V9EVMTVBrE9
Physicists Claim That They've Finally Figured Out How to 'See' Inside a Black Hole
http://www.physics-astronomy.com/2016/06/physicists-claim-that-theyve-finally.html#.V9cBzTVBrE9<iframe src="https://www.facebook.com/plugins/post.php?href=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fphysicsbyumer%2Fposts%2F1017610351699106&width=500" width="500" height="503" style="border:none;overflow:hidden" scrolling="no" frameborder="0" allowTransparency="true"></iframe>
http://www.physics-astronomy.com/2016/09/physicists-just-confirmed-new-form-of.html#.V96xSDVBqVt
http://www.physics-astronomy.com/2016/01/physicists-are-about-to-test-hypothesis.html#.V97kEzVBqVt
http://www.physics-astronomy.com/2014/09/particles-and-waves-central-mystery-of.html#.V-jIwjVBqVs
http://www.physics-astronomy.com/2014/09/particles-and-waves-central-mystery-of.html#.V-jIwjVBqVs
http://www.physics-astronomy.com/2015/06/reality-doesnt-exist-until-we-measure.html#.V-jJaDVBqVs
http://www.messagetoeagle.com/rna-world-hypothesis-questioned-alternate-theory-life-started-proposed-scientists/
http://www.physics-astronomy.com/2016/09/dividing-1-by-998001-gives-you-weird.html#.V-8nuvRBqVu
http://www.physics-astronomy.com/2015/12/chronology-of-universe-137-billion.html#.V-_Db_RBqVv
http://www.physics-astronomy.com/2016/03/newly-discovered-billion-light-year.html#.V_aMHvRBqVt
http://www.physics-astronomy.com/2016/02/this-is-biggest-thing-in-universe-and.html#.V_aMqfRBqVt
http://www.physics-astronomy.com/2015/10/scientists-claim-that-theyve-found.html#.V_aQu_RBqVt
http://www.physics-astronomy.com/2015/03/a-crazy-new-theory-suggests-that-our.html#.V_aSq_RBqVt
http://www.physics-astronomy.com/2016/10/infinity-is-bigger-than-you-think.html#.V_aUYfRBqVt
http://www.physics-astronomy.com/2015/10/here-is-everything-you-need-to-know.html#.V_aU0vRBqVt
http://www.physics-astronomy.com/2016/10/here-is-everything-you-need-to-know.html#.V_aVxvRBqVu
http://www.physics-astronomy.com/2014/12/best-of-2014-five-mind-boggling.html#.V_m1bvRBqVs
Five mind boggling theories about the universe and parallel worlds
1. Is the universe a 2D hologram?
The US Department of Energy launched an experiment
to find this out earlier this year using its "Holometer". Researchers
said that characters on a TV programme would not know their seemingly 3D world
existed only on a 2D screen. In the same way, they said we technically could be
living in a 2D universe with just an illusion of a 3D space. To find out,
scientists said that if cooled to absolute zero, matter continues to emit
quantum waves. If 2D packages (like pixels on a TV screen) follow the same
theory, they will continue to vibrate. The Holometer is the most sensitive
device ever, created to measure the "quantum jitter" of space.
Craig
Hogan, director of the laboratory, said: "We want to find out whether
space-time is a quantum system, just like matter is. If we see something, it
will completely change ideas about space we've used for thousands of
years."
2. Universe is a bubble in a 'frothy sea of universes'
Scientists at the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics said the universe is just one bubble amid a "frothy sea" of other universes. They say the theory of multiple universes comes from the idea of there being a vacuum in the beginning of time, with energy simmering like boiling water – the energy then started to evaporate and form bubbles."Maybe the bubbles were rare and far apart; maybe they were packed close as foam," they said in a statement."But here's the thing: each of these bubbles was a universe. In this picture, our universe is one bubble in a frothy sea of bubble universes. That's the multiverse hypothesis in a bubbly nutshell."
This theory was also put forward by scientists at
the Perimeter Institute. Here, they say the universe emerged from a collapsed
star in a four-dimensional universe. Challenging the Big Bang Theory, which
they say is the idea of singularity, the scientists say our perception of the
universe is too rudimentary to comprehend a 4D universe.
They say our universe came about when a star in
another 4D universe collapsed into a black hole, and that the universe was
never inside the singularity, but is instead a feature of the imploded wreck.
Researchers concede, however, that they do not know
what a 4D universe looks like or how it came to be.
4. We are living in a parallel universe where time
runs backwards
Published in the journal Physical Review Letters, a
group of scientists challenged the idea of the arrow of time running forward,
saying there are two worlds, one where time moves forward and the other
backwards. Looking at a computer model of particles under the influence of
gravity, they found that no matter what size or amount, all would eventually
evolve into a "low-complexity state".
From this state, particles expand outwards in both
temporal directions, creating opposite arrows of time – one moving forward and
the other backwards. "Along each of the two temporal paths, gravity then
pulls the particles into larger, more ordered and complex structures—the
model's equivalent of galaxy clusters, stars and planetary systems," a
report in Scientific American said.
"From there, the standard thermodynamic passage
of time can manifest and unfold on each of the two divergent paths. In other
words, the model has one past but two futures." However, researchers also
said intelligent beings would believe their arrow of time was moving forward.
5. Parallel universes exist and interact with one
another
Scientists at the Griffith University in Queensland,
Australia said parallel worlds exist and interact with one another – and that
this helps to explain the "weird phenomena" of the universe. They
said our universe is just one of a "gigantic number" of worlds, with
some very similar to our own and others very different.
Their theory, Many Interacting Worlds, says that
nearby worlds influence one another by a force of repulsion – which is where
unexplained quantum phenomenon comes from. Co-author Michael Hall said:
"The beauty of our approach is that if there is just one world our theory
reduces to Newtonian mechanics, while if there is a gigantic number of worlds
it reproduces quantum mechanics.
"In between it predicts something new that is
neither Newton's theory nor quantum theory. We also believe that, in providing
a new mental picture of quantum effects, it will be useful in planning
experiments to test and exploit quantum phenomena."
http://www.physics-astronomy.com/2016/10/have-you-ever-seen-atom-now-you-have.html#.V_vElPRBqVs
http://www.physics-astronomy.com/2016/06/could-life-exist-as-pure-energy.html#.V_vGGvRBqVt
http://www.physics-astronomy.com/2014/10/time-travel-could-become-reality-sooner.html#.V_vMxPRBqVs
http://www.physics-astronomy.com/2014/12/best-of-2014-five-mind-boggling.html#.WAESy_RBqVt
http://www.physics-astronomy.com/2014/12/parallel-universes-are-real-and-will.html#.WAEYb_RBqVv
http://www.dailygalaxy.com/my_weblog/2016/10/the-voyage-of-time-the-story-of-the-universe-from-the-big-bang-to-the-mesozoic-era-and-through-the-p.html
http://www.physics-astronomy.com/2015/03/here-is-what-10-dimensional-universe.html#.WAEb2vRBqVu
http://www.physics-astronomy.com/2015/02/big-bang-deflated-universe-may-have-had.html#.WAEef_RBqVu
http://www.physics-astronomy.com/2016/06/black-holes-are-nothing-but-holograms.html#.WA5bxPRBqVs
Black Holes Are Nothing But Holograms, New Study Finds
Black holes are one of the most mysterious objects
astronomer have encountered so far. And a
new study proposes that black are nothing but just a holographic projection,
with a new calculation of the entropy - or also known as disorder. These
calculations suggest that these giant enigmas of the Universe being nothing but
an optical illusion. Holograph hypothesis was first proposed by physicist
Leonard Susskind back in the 1990s, according to this theory, mathematically
speaking, the Universe requires just two dimensions - not three - for the laws
of physics and gravity to work as they really should.
Yeah this sounds crazy, but it could essentially
resolve some crucial conflicts between Einstein’s theory of relativity and
quantum mechanics. Physicists have proposed that the main reason we can’t find
out what happens to matter once it passes over the edge - or event horizon -
and into a black hole, is because there is actually no 'inside'. As an
alternative, everything that passes the edge gets trapped in the gravitational variations
on the surface.
A group of physicists led by Daniele Pranzetti from the
Max Planck Institute for Theoretical Physics in Germany has now presented a new
approximation for the amount of entropy existing in a black hole, and their
calculations support this situation.
The physicists were concentrating on the entropy - a
physical property that encrypts how ordered, or disordered, something really
is. According to Stephen Hawking, the entropy of a black hole must be relative
to its area, but not its volume, and this notion is what encouraged the first
thoughts about the probability of holographic black holes.
Joanne Kennel explains for The Science Explorer, said "Although
there is some consensus in the scientific community that black holes must have
entropy or their existence would violate the second law of thermodynamics, no
agreement has been reached about the origin of this entropy, or how to
calculate its value,"
For a new way of looking at this this problem,
Pranzetti and his coworkers used a theoretical method called Loop Quantum
Gravity (LQG) to clarify a concept known as quantum gravity.
In theoretical physics, quantum gravity pursues to explain
the force of gravity according to the rules of quantum mechanics, and forecasts
that the fabric of space-time consists of tiny grains known as quanta - the
'atoms' of space-time.
Assemblages of these quanta are called condensates, and
the physicists discovered that just like a jug full of atoms that make up water
molecules, a black hole made of condensates would have all the similar
properties, and their mutual behavior and gravitational effects could be resolute
by studying the properties of just one.
What this means is that although we can't really see or
measure what's inside a black hole's event horizon - and hence its entropy - it
doesn't actually matter, if the collective properties of all its 'atoms' can be
measured in just one.
The team explains in a press release "[J]ust as
fluids at our scale appear as continuous materials despite their consisting of
a huge number of atoms, similarly, in quantum gravity, the fundamental
constituent atoms of space form a sort of fluid, that is continuous space-time.
A continuous and homogenous geometry (like that of a spherically symmetric
black hole) can ... be described as a condensate."
Now, think of a black hole as a three-dimensional basketball
ring – consider the ring as the event horizon, and the net is the hole into
which all matter foes and vanishes. Shove that net up into the ring to create
it a flat, two-dimensional circle, and then visualize that all that metal and
string is made of water. Now everything you measure in the ring can be applied
to what's in the net.
With this in mind, now have a real model to show that
the 3D nature of black holes might just be an illusion - all the information of
a black hole can hypothetically be confined on a two-dimensional surface, with
no need for an real 'hole' or inside.
Pranzetti and his group’s model has been explained in
Physical Review Letters, and while it's going to be quite difficult to prove ultimately
that black holes are in fact two-dimensional, theoretical physicists are definitly
going to try anyway. This research might just be the next crucial stage to get
them further on their way, and that's pretty freaking cool.
Niciun comentariu:
Trimiteți un comentariu